ADHD is a relatively common neuro-developmental condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder in the adulthood.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder in adulthood.

These findings show that adults with ADHD have specific deficits in sustained attention.

ADHD presents a troublesome problem among primary school children.

ADHD adversely affects long-term academic outcomes.

The factors associated with ADHD may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent disorders in childhood.

In conclusion, our results indicated the syndromic continuity of ADHD.

These findings could be of high relevance for developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD.

Our finding supports a common etiology between ADHD and internalizing problems.

Our results may have implications for further conceptualization, diagnostics, and treatment of ADHD subtypes.

The present results may advance our understanding of the anatomical substrates of ADHD.

The early identification of this disorder is essential considering the chronic nature of ADHD.

This study supports the notion of sustained attention deficits of adults with ADHD.

Our results suggest that binaural beats enhance selectivity in updating episodic memory traces and further strengthen the hypothesis that neural activity in the gamma band is critically associated with the control of feature binding.

Our results provide evidence that binaural beats elicit cross frequency connectivity patterns, but weakly entrain the cortex when compared with monaural beat stimuli.

This suggests a short presentation of steady state binaural beats are not sufficient to alter vigilance or entrain cortical frequencies at the two bands examined and that certain personality traits were not more susceptible than others.

Binaural beat embedded musical intervention may have benefit over musical intervention alone in decreasing operative anxiety.

This study provides scientific evidences for the common perception that alpha binaural beats and thus music can help a person in achieving a relaxed state of mind i.e., meditative state in a better way.

To the extent that the test-retest variation in these data is comparable to other studies, the results indicate that binaural benefits in bilateral cochlear implant users are not substantially underestimated (on for average) when binaural performance is compared with the better ear in each listening configuration.

The present results suggest that binaural beats and binaural rotating tones may be mutually exclusive phenomenon, with the latter being dependent upon both the binaural capacity to fuse disparate signals and the peripheral auditory system’s capacity to code the temporal information in the signal’s microstructure.

Our findings suggest that high-frequency binaural beats bias the individual attentional processing style towards a reduced spotlight of attention.

The results indicate that the benefits from the signal-processing technique are correlated with the remaining binaural performance.

With the results obtained, we can conclude that binaural beats work better than non-binaural beats if we talk about relaxation and meditation.

The conclusion (based on the limited pool of subjects) is that there is some evidence to support that binaural beats do affect the brain but, in certain cases, negatively, and therefore, its usage should be weighed carefully.

Our results showed that 3 min of 7 Hz binaural beats is not enough to entrain the brain, but applying 6 min of stimulation could change the relative power in the temporal and parietal lobes and further exposure to 9 min of stimuli could also alter the brain network, evaluated by the graph theory.

Notwithstanding the complete understanding of their neuronal mechanisms, empirical data show that binaural advantages can be restored even in situations in which faultless symmetry is inaccessible.

Both extensions are able to preserve binaural cues for the speech and noise sources, while still achieving significant noise reduction performance.

It is conceivable that interventions to enhance wisdom may have broad cognitive and mental and physical health benefits in individuals with chronic psychotic disorders.

FINDINGS Data analysis led to identification of two main categories and five subcategories: (a) cannabis benefits with two subcategories of "physiological" and "mental health"; (b) adverse effects with three subcategories of "physiological," "mental health," and "social and economic concerns."

The MHNIP greatly benefits the health of people with mental illness.

This eventually enhanced mental health.

However, drug utilisation has doubled, and the majority of research on mental health problems has focused on pharmacological interventions, especially for common mental health problems.

Both programs have had promising effects on mental health.

This suggests that mental health professionals should be open to the potential benefits of spiritual practices for their patients, either as complementary interventions to modern treatments or as sole treatment in some disorders.

The results suggest the possibility of additional and previously unrecognized public health benefits of early treatment of mental disorders, in that persons with various mental disorders whose illness had remitted were not at increased risk for daily smoking, in contrast with persons with active disorders.

Although the design was cross-sectional, this study adds to the evidence of the potential benefits to mental health from contact with nature and its components.

Health benefits from regular exercise that should be emphasized and reinforced by every mental health professional to their patients include the following: Improved sleep Increased interest in sex Better endurance Stress relief Improvement in mood Increased energy and stamina Reduced tiredness that can increase mental alertness Weight reduction Reduced cholesterol and improved cardiovascular fitness Mental health service providers can thus provide effective, evidence-based physical activity interventions for individuals suffering from serious mental illness.

These data add to the literature on the relations between substance use and mental and physical health and suggest increased risk of mental health problems among regular nicotine and cannabis users and better mental and physical health among regular alcohol users.

The two alternative therapies can prevent mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression and, minimize mental health disruptions such as stress and poor quality of life.

Applications include recommending the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables to maximize mental health benefits.

Mental disorder treatment may benefit from strengthening positive mental health and functioning, as these factors promote remission.

Results inform clinicians working in the mental health and substance use fields, policy-makers, and researchers about the mental health effects of this plant.

It also supports the cost benefits of mental health promotion for those recovering from or managing their mental health needs.

Thus all these activities generated mental health benefits, indicating the potential for a wider health and well-being dividend from green exercise.

Conclusions In addition to established physical health benefits of PA, the present findings support the importance of increasing PA at the population-level for mental health.

It is therefore possible that different interventions are needed for treating mental illness and promoting mental health.

This suggests that their mental health is much better.

The empirical findings in this article suggest that firm size plays a significant role in determining appropriate financial policy for corporations.

Findings suggest frames shape perceptions of policies and provide an explanation for unanticipated policy outcomes.

This suggests that contributions help shape policy on a firm-specific basis.

This has important implications for understanding how corporations undermine democratic principles.

Institutional structures thus provide a central link between individual choice behavior and macro policy outcomes.

This study examines the effects of executive compensation policy and organizational structure on the performance of 439 large U. S. corporations between 1981 and 1985.

Although I hold that corporations may legitimately be held morally responsible I also argue that one can expect capitalist corporations to follow moral principles only to a rather limited extent.

The article shows the importance of engaging decision makers in corporations to understand how carbon is governed in light of emerging climate policy.

We conclude that public corporations are best consideredamoral entities.

Results generally support expectations.

The results largely supported expectations.

The first results indicate the existence of high expectations in most competences; although significant differences were also identified among the various sets.

Results support both expectations.

At the same time, we found evidence that (self-generated) expectations do have an impact on the SCE.

Results generally met with prior expectations.

The results reject the expectations hypothesis.

However, high expectations do not have to be a guarantee for disappointment and dissatisfaction.

Our results strongly and consistently support the theoretical expectations.

We conclude that proximity to train stations, green areas and strict residential zones raise rents, while criminality reduces them.

Policy Implications: Results of this study suggest that the effect of sub-stations on crime likely depends on certain contextual factors.

Evidence seems to show that police stations have a deterrent effect on crime.

Results show that opportunities for crime are dependent on stations’ environmental attributes, type of neighbourhood in which they are located and city context.

The results suggest that local and regional geography significantly contributes to the explanation of crime patterns.

Findings provide support for the routine activities perspective, and suggest that future research examining city-level crime rates should control for commuting.

Our analyses suggest that COPS hiring and innovative grant programs have resulted in significant reductions in local crime rates in cities with populations greater than 10,000 for both violent and nonviolent offenses.

This study contributes to the growing research on the work–crime link by relating differences in the quality of employment, on an aggregate level, to crime rates in metropolitan areas.

Our findings also indicated that local nature was linked to lower crime both directly and indirectly through its effects on community cohesion.

After controlling for a host of demographic and economic characteristics, we find that immigration does not increase crime rates, and some aspects of immigration lessen crime in metropolitan areas.

Results indicate that lagged crime rate, clearance rate, urbanisation rate and fraction of foreigners are positively correlated to crime rates.

Using data for local government areas in the mainland eastern states, the study shows that: * crime rates are lower in local areas with high levels of participation in community-oriented activities; and * a doubling in the rate of membership in community organisations has the potential to reduce violent crime by between one-fifth and one-third, and property crime by between one-twentieth and one-tenth.

Based on the results of our study using conventional and geospatial analyses, routine activity and social disorganization theories of neighborhood crime are partially supported, in that more motivated offenders and potential targets increase crime rates, while increased guardianship and informal social control reduce crime rates.

The evidence implies the existence of a deficiency in the peripheral enzymatic conversion of cortisone to cortisol.

The present communication shows that cortisone also produces changes in the blood.

These results showed that the intermittent fasting imply differently effects on cognitive functions and physiological.

This is likely due to the difference in the metabolic response to intermittent fasting as evidenced by different ketone levels during the first week of the EODF regimen.

However, these findings do not conclusively eliminate the role of periodic fasting, since even in this twice-a-day feeding paradigm daily brief periods of fasting are likely.

The effectiveness of fasting should be proved in larger confirmatory trials that include intermittent fasting in follow-ups to enable more pronounced and long-term effects.

It is postulated that the observed change represents an extra-hepatic effect of cortisone upon protein metabolism.

Cortisone per se may produce some of the morphologic changes associated with the “alarm reaction.” 3.

Our findings suggest that COC fasting is associated with reduced intake of many nutrients, although this does not seem to have an impact on the blood biochemical profile.

The nocturnal reduction in plasma leptin levels during fasting may be the result of the changes in meal times during fasting.

L-carnitine supplementation for 3 months improved the depression state in uremic male patients undergoing HD.

Supplementation of L-carnitine may be beneficial to alleviate behavioral and cognitive symptoms in ASD patients.

Based on these results it can be argued that an acute administration of acetyl-L-carnitine appears to potentiate a sodium cyanide-induced behavioral deficit.

It is possible that l -carnitine administration in these patients might improve or even resolve the aforementioned symptom.

L-carnitine offers a potentially useful therapeutic agent for atherogenic conditions characterized by high Lp(a) levels, also in view of the excellent tolerability and essential lack of major side effects.

Thus, L-carnitine may have therapeutic potential in patients with hypoglycemia induced by insulin overdose.

To our knowledge, this is the first study where the effects of l-carnitine are evaluated in HPCs.

The behavioral effects of acetyl-l-carnitine may involve central mechanisms, e.g., cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain.

These observations may provide the caution information for the safety of long-term l-carnitine supplementation.

This work suggest that the daily administration during a long period, of 2 g of L-carnitine guarantee in a healthy subject blood carnitine concentrations superior to the normal levels.

Beneficial effects of L-carnitine on the hemodynamic state of chronic hemodialysis patients were observed.

The effect of pharmacologic L-carnitine thus appears to be an inhibition of triglyceride synthesis and/or secretion by the liver.

This finding and statistical analysis of the clinical parameters confirm the suggestion that L-carnitine could be credited with a new and interesting role in the therapy of cardiogenic shock.

This study confirms the important role that meet products play for providing adequate amount of l-carnitine to the human body.

Therefore, the beneficial effect of l-carnitine may be connected to its ability to scavenge free radicals.

Based on the available evidence, it is reasonable to consider l-carnitine for patients with acute overdose of valproic acid who demonstrate decreased level of consciousness.

Conclusion Both St John’s wort extract and SSRIs are effective in treating mild-to-moderate depression.

In this model, St. John's wort was shown to be a cost-effective alternative to generic antidepressants.

St. John's wort may be less effective in the treatment of depression than previously assumed and may finally be shown to be ineffective if future trials confirm this trend.

Overall, these findings indicate that the mode of action of St. John's wort is different from that of conventional antidepressant drugs, which elevate brain serotonin and evoke negative feedback control of serotonergic neurons.

Conclusion St. John's wort is a promising investigational antidepressant, but the data are not yet sufficient to accept hypericum as a first line antidepressant preparation for treatment of depression.

If St. John's wort (SJW) is proven as effective as standard care and has fewer side effects, it might be a very useful addition to the usual remedies for depression.

In the medically supervised treatment of mild to moderate depression, doses of approximately 500-1000 mg of extract per day of these preparations of St. John's Wort are of comparable efficacy to synthetic antidepressants in their normally prescribed dosages.

90% of respondents indicated that St. John's wort was useful for treating depression.

If a sufficiently high-dose course of treatment with St John's wort preparations (900 mg daily) does not lead to a clear improvement in depression after four to six weeks, therapy should be continued with an established ('classical') antidepressant.

The subjects who did not respond to St. John's wort extract or placebo in phase 1 were, by and large, not resistant to antidepressant treatment.

The analysis shows that St. John’s wort extract WS® 5570 has a meaningful beneficial effect during acute treatment of patients suffering from mild depression and leads to a substantial increase in the probability of remission.

It is of concern that some individuals used an SSRI concurrently with St John’s wort.

SSRIs are preferred over other antidepressants because of their relative lesser side effects.

An increase in dietary zinc and higher plasma zinc levels may reduce the risk of depressive symptoms.

RATIONALE Data indicated that zinc deficiency may contribute to the development of depression; however changes induced by zinc deficiency are not fully described.

The reported results indicated that the serum zinc level might be a marker of depression as a state (state marker) in treatment responsive patients.

Our findings suggest that a low dietary zinc intake may not longitudinally precede depression in men.

These animal data further suggest antidepressant activity of zinc in human depression.

The present meta-analysis indicates inverse associations between dietary zinc and iron intake and risk of depression.

These results suggest that the chronic increase in serum glucocorticoid level is involved in the increase in depression-like behavior rather than the decrease in chelatable zinc after 4-week zinc deficiency.

Dietary zinc intake may not have relevance for the prevention of depression in middle-aged men with a sufficient dietary zinc intake.

Although decreased zinc levels have been implicated in the genesis of depression in animal models and in major depressive disorder in humans, this study provides the first evidence of a role for zinc in depression in people with dementia and highlights zinc metabolism as a therapeutic target.

Therefore, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of zinc supplementation in the treatment of depression disorders.

These results suggested that the depression-like behavior in PS-treated rats might be correlated with zinc dyshomeostasis including decreased zinc contents and increased free zinc in hippocampus which was related to changes in zinc transporters and MT expressions.

These results confirm activity of zinc in the FST, show its antidepressant-like activity in the OB rat model of depression, demonstrate the lack of tolerance to these effects and suggest relationship of these antidepressant-like effects with the rise in serum zinc.

This is the first study reporting the association of zinc deficiency with the presence of depression in HD patients; therefore, these findings need further investigations.

Major depression is related to lowered serum zinc concentrations, which may be caused by the acute phase and the inflammatory response in that illness.

Given the well-established biological mechanism and clinical research showing that blue-blocking glasses are effective for inducing sleep, they are a viable intervention to recommend to patients with insomnia or a delayed sleep phase.

These findings suggest that blue light treatment may facilitate treatment gains by improving sleep.

Conclusion This study suggests that, while blue-enriched light has potential to improve subjective sleepiness in night shift workers, further research is needed in the selection of light properties to maximise the benefits.

Our results suggest that suppression of blue light at night effectively maintains circadian rhythms and metabolism.

Despite a lesser tolerance, a non-inferior efficacy of continuous nocturnal blue light exposure compared with caffeine suggests that this in-car countermeasure, used occasionally, could be used to fight nocturnal sleepiness at the wheel in blue light-tolerant drivers, whatever their age.

That is, just increasing blue-wavelength in light may not be sufficient to reduce sleep inertia.

Our results can be interpreted in terms of an induction of a circadian phase delay and/or repercussions of a stronger alerting effect after blue light, persisting into the sleep episode.

Light therapy has been shown to be effective non-pharmacological therapy for improving sleep quality among healthy elders.

These results suggest that exposure to bright light is effective in improving the disturbed sleep of patients.

Conclusion Blue light therapy appears to have a positive effect on sleep, mood, and motor symptoms in PD.

The results demonstrate that increasing irradiances of narrowband blue-appearing light can elicit increasing plasma melatonin suppression in healthy subjects (P < 0.0001).

The cashew nuts high magnesium content also takes the credit for its healthy heart quality and so daily recommended for the heart-healthy mineral.

This paper finds that cashews are playing a significant role in the environmental, economic, and cultural spheres.

It could be considered as a healthy food.

The first group containing 17 accessions of fat-rich cashews, average protein levels and very high energy values is more interesting for tree improvement programs.

leaves are a promising candidate for healthy food.

These results suggest that pine mushroom is a healthy delicacy.

Thus, nutria meat provides a healthy alternative food which complies with current healthy and dietary recommendations for low fat, low cholesterol diets.

So it is a healthy food for consumption.

These findings suggest that children attending schools where meals include organic ingredients might be more aware of healthy foods, organic foods and healthy eating habits.

Increasing microbial diversity through healthy lifestyle habits and habitual consumption of a wide variety of foods might be useful to maintain a healthy gut environment for equol production.

Conclusion Greater consumption of healthy foods may be more important for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease than avoidance of less healthy foods typical of Western diets.

Nor are such wastes intrinsically good or healthy.

Findings also show that the intention to consume healthy food has a significant positive effect on the consumption of healthy food among Malaysian young adults.

Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops.

On the other hand, intentions of consumers who decide not to buy genetically modified foods are affected by ethical concerns and the belief that the production of genetically modified foods is harmful to wildlife and the environment.

Although there are challenges and safety concerns for using recombinant proteins in food processing, genetically modified enzymes are promising because of potential benefits for the food industry, consumers, and the environment.

As genetically modified crops and foods seem to be more advantageous to humanity in general, long-term studies and meta-analyses are still required to ascertain the safety of these genetically modified organisms as staple foods.

When the use of genetic technology confers no additional benefit, public attitudes towards genetically modified foods are driven primarily by their scientific knowledge, views of scientists and corporations associated with biotechnology as well as public trust and confidence in government.

Conclusions: Genetically modified organisms are specific human-made organisms being a result of using modern biotechnology techniques.

The findings show the dominant presence of food security and food safety issues in the coverage of genetically modified organisms that was overwhelmingly negative toward genetic engineering and its agricultural products.

Our findings provide a new perspective which could help to evaluate the safety of products from genetically modified crops.

Results suggest that male; white, Southerners, and those with some college education are more likely to consume genetically modified fruits and vegetables.

The safety evaluation of genetically modified foods is very strict, and genetically modified foods that have been approved for the market after safety evaluation can be eaten with confidence.

Results indicate that consumers who believe the government has a mandatory labeling policy for genetically modified food are more likely to believe genetically modified food is unsafe than consumers who believe no such policy is in place.

Managers interested in developing the genetically modified food market could therefore focus on these responsibilities to foster favorable attitudes and intentions toward genetically modified foods.

Assuring the safety of genetically modified foods might raise questions where existing scientific data is limited and underline the need for further research.

By these empirical results the paper is trying to reveal intra-EU differentials of consumer attitudes towards genetically modified food, which is a necessary baseline for adequate and efficient policies in order to satisfy consumer needs for quality and security.

HIFT training may provide time-efficient exercise for those seeking exercise-related health benefits.

This indicates that the benefits of HIIT are partly a result of improved chronotropic response.

Therefore, HIIT can be recommended in preseason training to improve neuromuscular performance.

Low-frequency HIIT might be a feasible and effective strategy for the prescription of an initial exercise program for inactive, overweight or obese young men.

Acute HIIT is generally considered a viable alternative for eliciting EF gains, with factors related to EF components, timing of the assessment, exercise total time, and age potentially moderating the effect of HIIT on EF.

HIIT is a therapy with at least equivalent benefit to moderate-intensity continuous training; hence, HIIT should be considered when prescribing exercise interventions for people living with type 2 diabetes.

It is advised to include HIIT into training regimes of recreational and competitive handcyclists to improve the upper body endurance capacity.

OUTCOME MEASURES Breastfeeding data were collected at 4 and 6 months.

Some sociodemographic and clinical factors are also important influences on breastfeeding.

AIM To report an analysis of the concept of breastfeeding beyond infancy.

FINDINGS These mothers described trying to 'get breastfeeding right'.

Health‐care providers are key in initiating and maintaining exclusive breastfeeding.

The findings indicate the effectiveness of the National Breastfeeding Promotion Programme.

Besides, child sex could have an influence on timely initiation of breastfeeding.

Many factors influence breastfeeding.

Frequent fish consumption in elderly seems to moderate depression mood.

Many studies support a role for fish oil in cardiovascular health.

Fish oil supplements have numerous benefits over consumption of fish directly.

These findings suggest that depressed mood is associated with fish intake both directly, and indirectly as part of a diet that is associated with depression and as part of a lifestyle that is associated with depression.

These observations suggest that chronic dietary fish oil supplementation can raise focal amygdaloid seizure thresholds and that this effect is likely mediated by DHA rather than by EPA.

These results suggested that the supplementation of fish oil might be effective only for those subjects who have a lower level of fish oil consumption.

Additionally, fish oil promotes an improved oxylipin profile in both groups of men.

These findings provide firm evidence that fish oil consumption directly or indirectly affects cardiac electrophysiology in humans.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes systemic involvement and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology.

Pre-existing ochronotic arthropathy might have masked the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis and made the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis rather difficult.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common inflammatory condition.

These manifestations which are common to rheumatoid arthritis may be seen in hemochromatotic arthropathy.

It is concluded that scarlatinal arthritis is most likely a manifestation of rheumatic fever.

Sclerodactyly is associated with erosive arthritis and RP in RA.

These data support the hypothesis that collagen-induced arthritis is pathogenetically related both to this spontaneous arthritis and to rheumatoid arthritis.

Key Concepts: Rheumatoid arthritis has a significant genetic contribution to risk.

These physical characteristics may be important in rheumatoid factor's pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis.

Arthritis in sarcoidosis is an early manifestation of disease and may mimic reactive or rheumatoid arthritis.

These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

This provided evidence of shared genetic risks of rheumatoid arthritis between the populations.

The paucity of erosive arthritis and extra-articular manifestations suggest the less severity of rheumatoid arthritis in our patients.

Conclusion Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus incidence.

This suggests that cytolytic lymphocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

These results obtained in hospitalized patients indicate that the manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis form a spectrum in which extra-articular features should be considered as classic criteria of rheumatoid arthritis.

If researchers take the trouble to explore these questions, the death penalty will not only become an interesting window into law and society in Asia, but Asia will prove to be an instructive window into the death penalty—the gravest real-life problem in the law.

Keywords: capital punishment; death penalty; bifurcated trial; aggravating factors; mitigating factors; risk assessment

The link between political culture and the death penalty remains strong and stable even when controlling for a host of other factors that have been linked to the death penalty in prior research.

This report examines the extent to which U. S. Attorneys’ death-penalty recommendations and U. S. Attorney General’s death-penalty decisions are related to case characteristics.

This implies that cash transfers correlate strongly with poverty reduction.

We find that cash transfer programmes targeting poor children would be the most cost-effective way to reduce child poverty and encourage school attendance.

This research shows that cash transfer programs can help the capacity of extremely poor farm households to expand agriculture production even if the goal of the program is focusing on other dimensions of poverty.

While we show that the cash transfers generate productive livelihood-enhancing effects, they remain insufficient to lift most households out of poverty without further structural changes and developmental interventions.

The article identifies critical trade-offs between the cost and coverage of different types of social transfer, their social acceptability and their political traction, helping to explain the reluctance of governments to adopt scaled-up poverty-targeted transfers as the preferred form of social cash transfer to those most in need in their societies.

We find that the integrated programme reduces poverty to a greater degree than do cash transfers alone, highlighting the importance of protecting the vulnerable in addition to supporting the poorest.

The authors show that social interventions such as cash transfers are not provided at a level which will make an impact on alleviating poverty.

Direct cash transfers targeted at poor households improve the targeting performance and lower the costs compared to universal subsidies.

We conclude that, by improving child health, unrestricted unconditional cash transfers may help break the cycle of intergenerational poverty.

Overall, the findings suggest that cash transfers may be better able than in-kind transfers at mitigating the impact of market imperfections, thus increasing both equity and efficiency.

The paper shows that a combination of in-kind and in-cash transfers tied to the consumption of a publicly provided private good targeted to the poor becomes very useful when non-poor households have different participation costs.

Nevertheless, the evidence strongly supports the effectiveness of cash transfers in leading to positive and multi-sectoral development outcomes, warranting greater use of such programmes.

The results show that interest rate reforms have a positive impact on economic growth through savings and investments.

Further, increases in interest rates have favorable effects on investment efficiency and on economic growth.

The main findings in this study demonstrate that: (a) interest rate had a negative impact on economic growth in three selected countries.

The results imply that the behaviour of interest rate is important for economic growth in view of the relationships between interest rates and investment and investment and growth.

The results imply that the behavior of interest rate is important for economic growth in view of the relationships between interest rates and investment and investment and growth.

It was observed that inflation, interest rates and money supply all have a positive relationship with economic growth, which is in line with the a priori expectations.

Findings of the study are that inflation, lending rate and financial deepening have positive influence on economic growth whilst exchange rate has a negative impact on economic growth.

Looking at the results from this model, employment accommodative economic policies would encourage lower interest rates (although the impact of lower interest rates on inflation and the impact of inflation on lower income groups should also be considered).

Empirical evidence exists that a low interest rate policy is an important hindrance to the ability of the banking system to impact economic growth in Japan.

The main conclusions of the paper are: (1) increase nonperforming loans and interest rate spreads negatively affect economic growth, (2) increase in domestic credit to private sector negatively affect GDP growth, but increase its growth rate positively affects GDP (3) broad money growth is less relevant for economic growth.

In turn, real interest rate and investment captures a small effect of energy price on economic growth.

Finally, we provide econometric evidence that global long-term interest rates are significantly affected by commodity prices, expected productivity growth, and fiscal consolidation in advanced countries.

There also exists a unique long-run relationship between economic growth and its determinants, including interest rate.

The result of the findings revealed that: there existed an inverse relationship between interest rate and economic growth in Nigeria, implying that increase in interest rate will decrease GDP of the country, thus hindering growth of the real sector.

Making legal abortion services available can result in a decrease in morbidity associated with illegal abortions, but the availability of legal abortion must be sufficiently broad to obviate having to resort to criminal means.

Legal abortions should help reduce the incidence of infant mortality by reducing the number of high-risk pregnancies encouraging birth spacing and averting unwanted births.

Availability of safe, legal abortion would further decrease cost and reduce preventable deaths from unsafe abortion.

It is still too early to conclude that there is an association between the substantial increase in legal abortions between 1962-1965 and the decline in criminal abortions.

I argue that prosecuting women for the crime of prenatal substance abuse punishes women for not exercising their right to an abortion and could even incentivize some women to obtain abortions in order to avoid criminal prosecution.

The empirical results also provide support for the hypothesis that increases in abortion costs not only reduce the number of abortions, but also reduce the number of pregnancies by altering women’s sexual/contraceptive practices.

The provision and encouragement of methods for safer sex may be a possible way by which to reduce the number of abortions.

Recommended to reduce the incidence of illegal abortions are improvements in womens educational and socioeconomic status more effective family planning programs health education campaigns and legal sanctions against unsafe abortionists.

Our results help explain why birth rates do not decline at the same rate abortions increase when laws are liberalized.

On the contrary, there is some evidence that it may have led to a decrease in sex-selective abortion, which could be due to the substitution of first-trimester legal abortions to illegal abortions at a later gestational stage.

A substantial proportion of U. S. women have abortions.

Birth control may prove a factor in the reduction of criminal abortions, especially if more reliable contraceptive measures are discovered.

In 2008, an estimated 1.21 million abortions were performed in the United States.

We find that restrictions on Medicaid funding of abortions decrease abortion rates and increase birth rates.

The legal community could have an instrumental role in bringing about attitudinal changes vis-à-vis abortions in the society.

Retrospective observational study of medical abortions through 14 weeks performed from January 2000 through August 2001.

CONTEXT Although pain is frequent in people with dementia (PwD), evidence on the prevalence and factors influencing ratings of pain in dementia is limited.

Our findings show a comparable documentation of diagnoses indicating pain in persons with incident dementia compared to those without.

Patients with dementia and pain may be 1) unable to describe the qualitative characteristics and associated features of their pain; 2) less able than cognitively intact older adults to alert their care providers to the presence of side effects from pain medicines; and 3) unable to discern variations in the level of pain or compare their current pain to their experience of the day or hours before.

Conclusion Our study suggests that pain can be an important underlying cause of behavioral disturbances in older subjects with dementia.

Further research is needed to clarify the relation between dementia subtype and pain experience as it could serve as basis for improving the assessment and management of pain in people with dementia.

AIM To explore the evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes to pain assessment in older people with dementia.

Community-dwelling elders with dementia are underdiagnosed and undertreated for pain.

These findings may indicate under-reporting and under-detection of pain in persons with dementia, and subsequent suboptimal treatment.

This study confirms that self-report alone is not sufficient to assess pain in elderly people with dementia; the observational tool is a necessary and suitable way of assessing pain in patients with cognitive impairment.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the usefulness of registered nurses' (RNs) and nursing assistants' (NAs) pain report among 304 institutional older people with dementia and elucidate the factors influencing the agreement of pain reports within dyadic assessors.

Results suggest that pain influenced behavioral disturbances among those with severe dementia more often than those with moderate or mild dementia, and residents with chronic pain who have severe dementia exhibit significantly more dysfunctional behaviors than those with earlier-stage dementia.

The results of this study highlight the complexity of pain relief in patients with dementia at the end of life from a nursing perspective.

The high percentage of patients with and without dementia who do not use analgesics when in pain raises the question of whether pain treatment is adequate in older patients.

Our findings also suggest that pain assessment in dementia should be regularly completed by tests of cognitive functions.

Our findings highlight the potential of acupuncture for chronic low back pain management.

Conclusion The acceptability of acupuncture treatment for low back pain is complex and multifaceted.

The techniques outlined are suitable for dealing with other musculoskeletal conditions as well as with chronic back pain.

This has implications for the management of acute back pain, with potential health gain.

It may have a place in the treatment of chronic recurrent back pain.

This provides the first mechanistic evidence of back pain relief by spinal manipulation.

The majority of respondents who used CAM for back pain perceived benefit.

This technique may, therefore, be useful for studying back pain prognosis.

It could be concluded that, alpha lipoic acid has the potential in improving dyslipidemia and oxidative stress and may exert some protective effect on atherosclerotic vascular change in hyperlipidemic rats.

These results suggest that alpha-lipoic acid is efficacious for moderate ischemia-reperfusion, especially on distal sensory nerves.

AIM Background: Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) that is a strong antioxidant drug is tried for both protection and treatment of various diseases of central and peripheral nervous systems.

Alpha-lipoic acid may be considered as adjunctive therapy for obesity.

This suggests that alpha-lipoic acid affects ATP-dependent potassium channels.

Alpha-lipoic acid might be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention of sepsis-induced MODS and inflammatory vascular diseases.

The findings support the idea that alpha-lipoic acid is a free-radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant.

Given the results of current prospective studies, a protective cardiac effect of alpha-linolenic acid is questionable.

It is possible that this indirect effect of alpha lipoic acid is connected with changes in the release of sulfane sulfur and hydrogen sulfide.

In conclusion, the intake of high α-lipoic acid modulates RN/OS generation, enhances EPO release and reduces muscle damage after running eccentric exercise.

In the present study, we found that α-lipoic acid could be a favorable agent for the target organ effects of secondary hypertension.

Lipoic acid may be useful in the prevention of sepsis and inflammatory vascular diseases.

These findings report that α-lipoic acid ingestion may increase the atherogenicity of LDL when ingested in isolation of exercise, suggesting that in IGT the use of this antioxidant treatment does not ameliorate metabolic disturbances, but instead may detrimentally contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and development of CVD.

There is a positive association between the preferred chewing side and the more efficient side.

We concluded that chewing ability was closely associated with nutrient and different food groups’ intake, as well as undernutrition, among Japanese community-dwelling elders.

Further studies are needed, but chewing could be useful for modifying cognitive function.

This study suggests a harmful relationship between areca nut chewing and metabolic syndrome.

Chewing ability for tough foods appears to benefit from the use of anatomical teeth.

The present findings suggest that general health status at baseline produces a change in chewing ability.

Those results suggest that it is possible to influence the chewing behaviour by modifying food textures within the same "food family".

Chewing ability was strongly associated with dental conditions.

Creatine supplementation, therefore, did not improve physical performance, in the conditions, when running a 150 m distance.

These data suggest that oral creatine supplementation does not reduce skeletal muscle damage or enhance recovery following a hypoxic resistance exercise challenge.

Furthermore, combined creatine and exercise has synergic effects and is a more effective prescription than a single treatment.

The findings suggest that creatine supplementation tended to decrease muscle glycogen and protein degradation, especially after endurance exercise.

In conclusion, creatine supplementation does not accelerate recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage; however, well-controlled studies with higher sample sizes are warranted to verify these conclusions.

ConclusionPost-exercise ingestion of creatine monohydrate does not provide greater enhancement of body composition and muscle strength compared to resistance training alone in middle to older males.

It is concluded that creatine loading improves intermittent sprint capacity at the end of endurance exercise to fatigue.

The findings of the present study concluded that socio-economic status of women influences domestic violence.

Again, domestic violence is more among lower autonomy and women belonging to low socio-economic status.

We found evidence that improvements in the socioeconomic status of the participants will lead to significant reductions in the incidence of domestic violence.

Results show that the severity of violence in crisis decreases as domestic gender equality increases.

Low-income abused women are especially more vulnerable to domestic violence and poverty limits choices and resources.

The study findings are largely in line with both the imbalance theory of domestic violence and the emphasis on women’s fall-back position found within theories of household bargaining power.

It was concluded that domestic violence limits women’s potentials and hinders their full involvement in livelihood activities.

These findings offer insights about future analyses and data collections on women’s attitudes about domestic violence against women.

Results indicate that wealth and employment status that capture feminist explanations of domestic violence were not significantly related to both physical and sexual violence.

We find that layoffs, loss of income, extended domestic stays, and exposure to habits due to stay-at-home orders are driving up the incidence of domestic violence.

ConclusionThese findings fill a gap in understanding economic and socio-demographic factors associated with approval of domestic physical violence of wives.

It considers domestic violence by linking it to the structural transformations of the U. S. economy during recent years.

Excessive intake of fructose may have a role in the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes.

Fructose consumption may contribute to the hyper-insulinemic phenotype of adolescent obesity, through a GLP-1 mediated mechanism.

Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences of fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.

The obesity epidemic in the United States and exponential growth of heart and kidney disease, have paralleled the substantial increase consumption of high-fructose corn syrup which has increased substantially in the past three decades.

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) consumption in the form of beverages has increased among U. S. school‐aged children.

AbstractPurpose Excessive fructose intake coincides with the growing rate of obesity and metabolic syndrome, with women being more prone to these disorders than men.

Excessive fructose consumption is associated with negative health consequences.

The observation reinforces the concerns about the role of fructose in the obesity epidemic.

Results from the individual trials suggest that meditation may be helpful in reducing perceived stress and the use of short-term rescue medication.

Meditation seems to be a bit more effective than relaxation in the treatment of anxiety, and it might also remain more effective at 12-month follow-up.

Overall, a large, heterogeneous sample showed that already a very short dose of meditation can positively influence stress, sleep, and well-being.

Trait anxiety may decrease with mindfulness meditation.

These results suggest that lower trait anxiety more readily induces meditation with a predominance of internalized attention, while higher trait anxiety more readily induces meditation with a predominance of relaxation.

Public policy that targets obesity can have spillovers through social networks.

DiscussionThree inter-related processes were identified: social contagion (whereby the network in which people are embedded influences their weight or weight influencing behaviours), social capital (whereby sense of belonging and social support influence weight or weight influencing behaviours), and social selection (whereby a person’s network might develop according to his or her weight).ConclusionsThe findings have important implications for understanding about methods to target the spread of obesity, indicating that much greater attention needs to be paid to the social context in which people make decisions about their weight and weight influencing behaviours.

The results suggest that obesity might be in part a social phenomenon connected to individuals’ social life.

Conclusion This work demonstrates the importance of social networks among older adults in facilitating a physically active lifestyle and reducing the odds of obesity.

Social network analysis is a feasible and useful method to identify existing obesity prevention networks and key personnel in long day care centers.

Thus, the obesity epidemic may, in part, be driven by social constructs surrounding body image norms.

These findings add to a growing body of evidence which suggests that behavioral changes that promote cardiovascular health may spread through social networks.

Tracking heterogeneity in both networks and measured outcomes over time may help explain the interaction between professional networks and intervention effectiveness of community-based obesity prevention.

Network phenomena appear not only to be relevant for the spread of obesity, but also for the spread of associated co-morbidities.

Finally, we find that obesity precedes social marginalization which lends credence to the notion that obesity causes social marginalization and not vice versa.

Social capital affects obesity through the promotion of weight-control efforts.

However, we find that the primary driver is ‘social’ rather than ‘economic’ globalization effects, and specifically the effects of changes in ‘information flows’ and ‘social proximity’ on obesity.

With an endogenous social weight norm reflecting a heavier and heavier average body weight, we show that a high degree of conformism to the social norm could explain the obesity epidemic.

The stretching maneuver could be effective to increase the flexibility.

Our results suggest that 300 s of either static or dynamic stretching can increase flexibility and decrease isometric muscle force; however, the effects of stretching do not appear to differ between the two stretching methods.

In conclusion, these results indicate that longer durations of stretching are needed to provide better flexibility.

The present study indicated that a moderate volume of static stretching did not alter significantl...

Performing stretching for musculoskeletal symptoms had a positive influence on the symptoms and reduced pain.

The performance of stretching exercises during warm-up can increase flexibility in children.

The present results suggest that stretching decreased the viscosity of tendon structures but increased the elasticity.

The findings suggest that dynamic stretching may increase acute muscular power to a greater degree than static and PNF stretching.

UNLABELLED Static stretching with rest between repetitions is often performed to acutely increase joint flexibility.

The stretching program was sufficient to increase hamstring flexibility and a lack of stretching can cause reduction of muscle performance.

Overall, these findings, in conjunction with previous studies, indicated that static stretching impairs maximal force production.

The result suggests that there is a significant and positive relationship between workplace Internet leisure and employee productivity.

Employee work limitations have a negative impact on work productivity.

Productivity seems to improve in an economy promoting policies to weaken industry-wide collective bargaining.

Based on two large samples from Taiwan’s shipping industry, empirical examinations reveal that employee benefits have a moderating effect on firm productivity, irrespective of industry or firm size.

Health-related vacation outcome is significantly affected by the way an individual organizes his or her vacation.

However, when we examine workers' experience across a number of days, we find that variety helps improve worker productivity.

It was found that employee turnover adversely affects productivity in small business entities.

A majority of the students have encountered problems when using e-learning methods, and most of these problems were related to poor economic status.

All these pitfalls and traps lead to the conclusion that E-education is not a straightforward remedy for all current education problems.

By exploring the influential interrelationships between criteria related to e-learning, this approach can be used to solve interdependence and feedback problems, allowing for greater satisfaction of the actual needs of e-learners.

The availability, accessibility, quality, equality, and guarantee problems can be lessened through e-Learning.

These findings suggest that important e-learning accessibility problems remain.

The study found the actual problems that students have encountered in the thesis courses and hence suggested a general model as a way forward to sort the e-resources to reduce the problems in the thesis process.

This will be helpful to gain an understanding of e-learning in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, to cope with challenges involved in the process of e-learning, and develop approaches to solve the problems resulted from.

The study indicated highly nonlinear dynamic nature of cardiac states as revealed by HRV during meditation state, rather considering it as a quiescent state.

The HRV parameters were found to be better during meditation

These results are also consistent with changes in normalised HRV reported in other meditation studies.

These data support further evaluation of HRV measurements in subjects while meditating with mental imagery.

Simple mental and verbal activities markedly affect HRV through changes in respiratory frequency.

The results raise questions about the psychophysiological meaning of different HRV signals and this has implications for future research about the relationship between HRV and cognition.

Significantly increased theta power was found for the meditation condition when averaged across all brain regions.

By shedding light on technical features, this article contributes to more rigorous approaches to evaluate the construct of meditation.

These results demonstrate that a biological substrate underlies the positive pervasive effect of meditation practice and suggest that meditation techniques could be adopted in clinical populations and to prevent disease.

This model explains induction, maintenance and long-term effects of meditation.

The differential effects of ginkgo biloba showed significant effects on psychometric reaction time and cognitive central Integrity P<0.05 and insignificant effects on working memory accuracy except at level І-Back where it produced significant effects P<0.05.

Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown a positive effect of Ginkgo biloba to improve cognitive abilities in impaired individuals and reducing anxiety under pathological conditions.

The results indicate that Ginkgo was able to remove MK-801-induced forgetfulness, indicating that Ginkgo can affect memory retention but not effect on passive avoidance acquisition, using pathways other than glutamatergic system as well.

These findings indicate that use of Ginkgo biloba or Ginseng does not provide any quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long-term in healthy adult volunteers.

These results suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be a mechanism by which ginkgo but not ginseng, in females is associated with certain forms of cognitive improvement.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine for variety of neurological conditions particularly behavioral and memory impairments.

We concluded that pretreatment and treatment injection of Ginkgo biloba extract can have a protective effect for neurons and it can limit apoptosis in all area of the hippocampus.

A ‘working memory capacity’ paradigm demonstrated a reliable 50 ms response time decrease between the placebo and Ginkgo biloba testing, suggesting that Ginkgo biloba speeds short‐term working memory processing in normal adults.

These results indicate that the use of Ginkgo extracts in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment might be promising.

Thus, Ginkgo appears to enhance neither short-term working memory nor long-term reference memory, but it may promote learning of spatial information.

Collectively, the behavioral literature reviewed cannot be used conclusively to document or to refute the efficacy of ginkgo in improving cognitive functions.

These observations make one suppose that different preparations of Ginkgo biloba have quantitatively different actions and outline the importance of the contribution of apoptosis prevention toward their neuroprotective action.

This newly developed, holistic fresh leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba is a safe, effective, and, at least, adjuvant treatment option for patients with mild cognitive impairments.

The results demonstrate different types of neuroprotective and cerebrovascular effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract and some of its constituents.

Results suggest that prenatal environmental factors and parental psychopathology are associated with the risk of autism.

Either risk factors (related to twinning or to fetal development) or other factors (genetic or nongenetic) in the parents may contribute to autism.

These findings bolster the idea that social interest and behavioral problems are crucial for the early adaptive functioning development of children with autism.

A better understanding of the causes for autism prevalence and severity differences across ethnic groups is crucial for revealing the impact of multiple genetic and environmental factors that may affect autism development in each group.

The results suggest that at least some environmental factors are involved in the causation of autism.

It is proposed that pre- and perinatal factors may play less of a role in autism in high-functioning individuals than suggested in studies of autism associated with severe retardation.

Importance The origins and development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain unresolved.

Thus, any early intervention that impacts the cognitive abilities of young children with autism is likely to have a parallel influence on their social skills as they mature into late adolescence and early adulthood.

Our findings suggest that prenatal and perinatal factors may potentially moderate the clinical expression of autism spectrum disorder.

CONTEXT Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of both autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits.

Children with autism have heterogeneous developmental pathways.

AIMS A number of studies have suggested the importance of motor development in autism.

Understanding early development in autism will be important for developing early screening and diagnostic tools.

Increased rates of birth and pregnancy complications are likely secondary to familial factors associated with autism.

Secondly, we also argue for more nuanced accounts of ranking and reputation by scholars of higher education and in particular a greater emphasis on their successes and failures, the competing logics and unexpected outcomes of ranking and their implications for the future of universities.

A rational, transparent, bona fide and dependable national ranking system is realistic in helping to improve the quality of higher education in the country.

We find evidence that schools differ and that most proxies for high school quality play modest roles in explaining the variation in outcomes across public high schools.

Our results indicate that achievement and well-being can be considered as two different, distinctive school and class outcomes and that the school characteristics investigated act differently on these outcomes.

We show how these positive educational attributes of any school community, seeded through a focus on high-expectations relationships, work to support the performance outcomes of a high-expectations educational agenda.

Findings reveal a substantial impact of school x-efficiency on academic outcomes, far in excess of the contributions of standard, observed school inputs.

The findings from this analysis indicate that a ranking system may not be the optimal method for assessing higher education equity performance and highlights the subjective nature of both higher education equity and higher education ranking systems.

Parental education attainment was discovered to have a significant and fundamental effect on school outcomes.

These gains are largely mediated by the positive effect of the program on several high school outcomes, including quantity and quality gains in the high stake matriculation exams.

The study suggests that high school expectations may play an important role in high school experiences, and thus serve as a valid target for programs aimed at easing the high school transition.

Previous research has concluded that an institution's ranking in the annual U. S. News and World Report “Best Colleges” issue impacts admission outcomes and pricing decisions at schools in the Consortium for Financing Higher Education.

School quality is also an important predictor of several non-pecuniary outcomes.

We find evidence of positive effects of these programs on high school graduation and on both academic and non‐academic awards in high school, and similar negative effects on dropping out of high school.

This study found that the high school’s primary post-high school goal for the student, parental expectations, high school type, annual household income, and academic performance were significant predictors of participation in postsecondary education.

The empirical results show that individuals with high educational achievements choose high-ranking jobs.

Such alignment could increase the impact of school leadership on student outcomes even further.

We find that paying more attention to different formats of cycling, public transport integration could significantly improve low-cost alternatives for individual and feeder trips.

This approach based on easy-to-understand indicators can help the strategic planning of such services, which have the potential to find a trade-off between ridership and coverage as both desirable and conflicting goals in public transport planning.

More specifically, the results suggest that the reduction in bus VRK likely explains the reduction in ridership observed in recent years in many North American cities.

It is found that large ridership increases in both areas are caused principally by large service increases and fare reductions, as well as metropolitan employment and population growth.

The study also contributes to a better understanding of the uptake of ridesourcing services in developing country contexts where public transport services are often inadequate.

The results highlight the importance of focusing on tradeoffs between increasing car-use costs and improvement of public transport.

The results demonstrate that transit-related attributes have a significant impact on ridership.

This will be instrumental in increasing the market share of the public transport system in the mobility market.

Data revealed that poor quality sleep can have a profound effect on quality of life.

Perhaps the expected negative effect of aging in midlife into early old age on sleep is overstated.

Although we studied only two age groups using 50 years of age as a cut-off, we could demonstrate that cognitive deterioration of untreated sleep apnea patients is age dependent, and several factors may contribute to this effect including brain hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, or comorbidities.

Interactions between poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were additive.

Altogether, these findings indicate that the muscle circadian clock is important for longevity and that circadian gene variants contribute to the evolutionary divergence in longevity across populations.

In conclusion, effect sizes indicate that traditional sleep stage scoring may underestimate age‐related changes in sleep.

These findings support the hypothesis that misalignment of endogenous rhythms and 24 h environmental cycles may be associated with a physiological cost that has an effect on longevity.

These results indicate that menopausal status plays a minimal role in sleep quality and sleep stage distribution in healthy midlife women without sleep complaints.

The results indicated that better sleep quality, longer mean sleep duration, less variability in sleep duration and less variability in rise time were all associated with greater life satisfaction, but only sleep quality and variability of sleep duration were significant predictors of life satisfaction in a regression model.

The current findings, reviewed in relation to the sleep and aging literature, tend to support the concept that some of the effects of aging on sleep can be offset by attention to good “sleep hygiene,” including careful entrainment of sleep schedule and modest habitual sleep restriction.

These results demonstrate that the bacterial community can modulate neural systems that are involved in sociability and anxiety during the developmental period and suggest that sociability and anxiety can be shaped depending on the microbiome environment through interaction with conspecifics.

Our findings provide potential evidence of the microbiome-gut-brain interactions and their association with anxiety, highlighting gut microbiome diversity as a mediator that influences the relationship between brain morphometry and anxiety level.

Our study suggest that the gut microbiome-derived lactate promotes to anxiety-like behaviors through GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway.

A peripheral gut microbiome-derived metabolite was associated with altered neural processing and with psychiatric symptom (anxiety) in humans, which provides further evidence that gut microbiome disruption can contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders that may require different therapeutic approaches.

Adult female offspring also demonstrated increased anxiety-like behavior and alterations in cognition, suggesting a critical window where stress is able to influence the microbiome and the intrauterine environment in a deleterious manner with lasting behavioral consequences.

Our findings suggest one mechanism by which the human gut microbiota is associated with anxiety-related behaviors.

This study indicates associations of the human infant gut microbiome with fear behavior and possible relationships with fear-related brain structures on the basis of a small cohort.

In highly active individuals, specifically males, there is a strong relationship between the gut microbiome, fiber intake, and anxiety.

Oral microbiome composition, but not diversity, was associated with adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms.

Conclusion Antipsychotics may play a role in decreasing the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome among patients with depression and anxiety, and our results indicate a relationship with medication dosage.

Increasing data indicate that the intestinal microbiome can affect neurobiology, from mental and even behavioral health to memory, depression, mood, anxiety, obesity, cravings and even the creation and maintenance of the blood brain barrier.

Maternal obesity and androgen exposure affect the gut microbiome of offspring, but the disrupted estrous cycles and anxietylike behavior are likely not microbiome-mediated.

These findings suggest that genes related to microbiome composition may affect the susceptibility of individuals to psychiatric disorders, mainly schizophrenia.

These differences in anxiety-related behavior may also be related to biochemical differences.

Anxiety is associated with an important biomarker related to health.

Given the observation that two closely related sub-strains can exhibit different constellations of maladaptive fear suggests that these findings could be exploited to facilitate the identification of candidate genes for anxiety-related disorders.

Our study results expanded our understanding of how to comprehensively consider the relationships for dietary habits-gut microbiome interactions with depression and anxiety.

Microbiome characteristics may help in predicting response.

Our findings demonstrate mitochondrial-related alterations in gene expression as an evolutionarily conserved response in stress-related behaviors and validate the use of cross-species approaches in investigating the biological mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders.

We also demonstrate the utility of the living data resource and cross-cohort comparison to confirm existing associations between the microbiome and psychiatric illness, and to reveal the extent of microbiome change within one individual during surgery, providing a paradigm for open microbiome research and education.

Thus, CBD may represent a novel, protective strategy against I/R injury by attenuating key inflammatory pathways and oxidative/nitrative tissue injury, independent of classical CB1/2 receptors.

This review shows that CBD, CBG, and CBD+THC combination exert a predominantly anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, whereas THC alone does not reduce pro-inflammatory or increase anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Findings from this study add to the growing body of data supporting the utilization of CBD as a promising anti-inflammatory natural product.

Thus, the atypical cannabinoid Abn-CBD represents a novel potential therapeutic in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases.

Although the possible mechanism of action of these effects is still unknown, it may involve CBD anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.

Taken together, these data show that CBD, through its combined immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, has a potent anti-arthritic effect in CIA.

For clinical studies, we propose a combination of a CB2 agonist to decrease cytokine production, a peripheral CB1 antagonist to prevent detrimental CB1 signaling and to support anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 via activation of &bgr;2-adrenergic receptors and CBD to induce cannabinoid-receptor-independent anti-inflammatory effects.

CBD inhibitory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome may contribute to the overall anti-inflammatory effects reported for this phytocannabinoid.

These different observations suggest that CBD exerts its anti‐inflammatory effects towards microglia through an intrinsic antioxidant effect, which is amplified through inhibition of glucose‐dependent NADPH synthesis.

The results of the present study confirm in vivo anti-inflammatory actions of CBD, emphasizing the importance of this compound as a novel promising pharmacological tool capable of attenuating Abeta evoked neuroinflammatory responses.

DMH-CBD downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and protects the microglial cells by inducing an adaptive cellular response against inflammatory stimuli and oxidative injury.

CBD suppresses, through activation of PPARγ, pro-inflammatory signaling and may be a potential new candidate for AD therapy.

In conclusion, ethosomes enable CBD's skin permeation and its accumulation in a depot at levels that demonstrate the potential of transdermal CBD to be used as an anti-inflammatory treatment.

Our results suggest a potential protective role for CBD during ARDS that may extend CBD as part of the treatment of COVID-19 by reducing the cytokine storm, protecting pulmonary tissues, and re-establishing inflammatory homeostasis.

It can be concluded that the rosehip seed and seed oil may be utilized as a source of phytonutrients.

The seed oils, therefore, have potential for use as domestic and industrial oils.

The present study showed that this non-conventional C. colocynthis seed oil can be used for food and non-food applications to supplement or replace some of the conventional oils.

Thus, the analysis served to justify the use of the three Leguminosae seed oils in food preparations.

These results confirmed the good quality of C. maritimum L. seed oils.

The results from this study revealed that the two seed essential oils have potentials as the therapeutic agents.

Hence, stabilised rape-seed oil has superior environmental and health properties compared to mineral oils.

Thus, these plant seed oils have great potential for development as diesel fuel or diesel fuel extender.

SFE-CO2 enables the rapid analysis of seed oils across a broad range of seed oil contents.

Severe traumatic brain injury is a clinically heterogeneous disease that can be accompanied by a range of neurologic impairment and a variety of injury patterns at presentation.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and mortality.

Early diagnosis and management of severe concomitant injuries is warranted and may improve the functional gains in the long term after traumatic brain injury.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE To review, systematically, factors contributing to outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury.

PARTICIPANTS Twenty patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were studied, along with 17 matched healthy volunteers.

While homelessness is ultimately the result of a severe and chronic shortage of affordable housing, creating accessible, safe, pet-friendly shelter and safe haven options and instituting a smoother, more transparent process for moving from the streets could substantially reduce street homelessness.

- To prevent the revolving door to homelessness, it is necessary to remove the barriers that hinder access to normal health resources which are experienced by people suffering from social exclusion, while implementing ongoing support programmes for homeless people or those at risk of homelessness, which primarily deal with health issues.

We conclude that overcoming homelessness requires policies and practices that give a greater focus to non-material aspects of homelessness through an emphasis on empowerment, self-respect and autonomy.

This finding suggests that homelessness can be reduced by appropriate clinical interventions if housing is available.

For homelessness prevention, systematic and outreach social medical care before and during homelessness should be provided.

Systemic improvements can prevent homelessness for individuals being discharged from psychiatric wards.

Targeted interventions may reduce the likelihood of subsequent homelessness.

The most important way to prevent the specter of older adults living with significant disability on the streets is to prevent homelessness from happening.

The findings indicate that there is an urgent need for preventive approaches to alleviate homelessness and its attendant health problems.

This study supports the use of nontraditional housing interventions and robust community-based approaches to care for individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness.

Such a response could prevent unsheltered homelessness and thereby address increased mortality risk.

Ultimately, a comprehensive Framework for Homelessness Prevention will support communities and governments to more effectively prevent homelessness through upstream approaches.

This would require a better understanding of the different pathways to homelessness and a concerted effort to interrupt these.

Developing and implementing evidence-based approaches for addressing homelessness are long overdue.

For individuals with rapid pathways, homelessness may have been prevented if independence and self-sufficiency were less idealized in our society.

The findings of this research provide a significant economic argument for government intervention to break the cycle of homelessness as they reveal significant potential savings to effective interventions for homeless people with diagnosed mental health disorders and long-term rough sleeping.

The article examines the efficacy of increasing the supply of affordable housing to prevent homelessness, but suggests that the provision of housing alone may be insufficient to realising related well-being objectives.

As managers strive to increase real productivity in a variety of ways in order to remain competitive, the paid time off benefit system can be one painless approach to incorporate into the overall effort.

Productivity, whether paid or unpaid, can be an avenue to social inclusion.

Results show that an increase in paid work reduces time spent in all of these activities by 84%, with the largest effect found for screen time.

We find that employment protection legislation, minimum wages, parental leave and unemployment benefits influence productivity through multiple channels, over and above their impact on employment levels.

Results revealed a significant correlation between leisure time and labor efficiency, and demonstrate that active leisure participation can improve productivity.

These benefits may be reflected in increased productivity and cost reduction by increasing time savings, reducing clerical work, improving morale, and reducing the costs of care.

The study provides evidence that TD hinders developers by causing an excessive waste of working time, where the wasted time negatively affects productivity.

If working processes were optimized, the various benefits could be reduced absenteeism and turnover, higher productivity etc.

As reported by the employers, the most frequently mentioned direct benefits from implementing workplace accommodations were (a) retained a qualified employee, (b) increased worker productivity, and (c) eliminated the cost of training a new employee.

This benefits productivity directly.

However, if working-time autonomy is incorporated into a system of family-friendly workplace practices, firms may benefit from the trade-off between (more) fringe benefits and (lower) wages but not from increased productivity.

Part-time work can increase production flexibility, reduce pressures on doubly burdened family heads, and make possible an increase in worker productivity, thus helping to raise full-time earnings above poverty levels.

This examination shows that including productivity benefits explicitly in the modeling parameters would double the cost-effective potential for energy efficiency improvement, compared to an analysis excluding those benefits.

We find that accounting for characteristics such as circuity and percentage of flights arriving on time does affect productivity.

Efforts to improve time management can increase physician productivity and enhance career satisfaction.

We argue that being paid by the hour almost inevitably makes salient an economic frame for the evaluation of time.

The results of the study state that Compensation, work experience, and welfare benefits have a significant effect on employee work productivity.

These findings suggest important benefits of employing stand-capable desks in the work force to increase productivity.

The observed productivity results represent substantial financial benefits to both firms and the legitimate tip-based earnings of workers.

Low HRV is independently associated with increased risk of SCD in the general population.

Low HRV may be an important predictor of both MDD and CVD in elderly.

The observed improvement of HRV seems to be facilitated by weight loss.

Our results indicate that HRV is impaired in PD.

These results suggest that HRV decreases during aging.

This exploratory study suggests that HRV is reduced in overweight/obese children.

Conclusion Low HRV is strongly predictive of angiographic coronary disease regardless of other co-morbidities and is clinically useful as a risk predictor in patients with sinus rhythm.

In this latter case, national borders have a surprisingly positive effect, increasing the probability of choosing a nearby location, but on the other side of the border.

Trade openness, in contrast, has long-term positive effects on economic development.

However, consistent with the delegitimization hypothesis, the anticipation of closed borders detracted considerably from the positive images of the immigrants from European countries and even involved main effects indicating that also the image of the Third World immigrants was negatively affected (in different dimensions than those associated with the negative reactions triggered by the open-border policy).

The main conclusion is that the real wage effects are small, and the gains from open borders are large.

This suggests that the post-colonial migration patterns may be associated with continuous open borders as much as with cultural and linguistic connections.

The positive effect is confirmed when examining trade between countries without common land borders, or between OECD member countries and non-OECD countries.

Instead they promote the construction of more traditional hard borders.

However the case for open borders is weaker to the extent that global transfers (such as might occur with a regional basic income or global basic income) address the economic inequities and motives for migration.

It finds positive effects through enhanced access to cross-border trade.

First, more open borders have a unique role to play in addressing the interests of those left behind via the transformative economic effects of remittances and the state signalling mechanism that migrant and remittance flows provide, both for wealthier states as they dispense foreign aid and for poorer states as they implement national development programmes.

In short, national borders appear to matter for intertemporal trade.

They can also create positive spillover effects for the rest of the world.

From a normative perspective, an open-borders policy is preferred to both control methods but will meet political opposition because it hurts the residents of the rich country.

Controversially, the book suggests that open borders are entirely consistent with efforts to prevent terrorism that have dominated immigration enforcement since the events of September 11, 2001.

For this reason it’s important to establish the effects of trade openness on different sources of government revenue for any country opening its borders to trade.

Consequently, the ‘positive’ demographic and social effects of immigration have been limited.

There was also a corresponding significant increase in the elimination half-life of caffeine from 4.03 +/- 0.52 hr to 6.04 + 0.73 (mean + S. E., p less than 0.01).

Caffeine predose monitoring is adequate up to 46 weeks postconceptional, and caffeine half-life determination is mandatory whenever the trough level is too high or too low, icterus is present, and from 46 to 50 weeks postconception.

Fluvoxamine significantly reduced apparent oral clearance of caffeine (105 vs. 9.1 mL min(-1), P < 0.01; mean difference: 95.7 mL min(-1), 95% CI: 54.9-135.6), and prolonged its elimination half-life (4.9 vs. 56 h, P < 0.01; mean difference: 51 h, 95% CI: 26-76).

Furthermore, our findings highlight that sleep disturbances associated with caffeine consumed near the circadian trough of alertness are still present when daytime recovery sleep occurs 5 h or approximately 1 half-life later.

The observed decrease in the elimination half-life of caffeine in PD may be caused by increased CYP2E1 activity, an enzyme that also contributes to the metabolism of caffeine.

During chronic caffeine intake, subjects with short plasma caffeine half-life are exposed to a pressor response after drinking coffee, despite the phenomenon of adaptation.

Therefore, the biologic half life of CAF in an animal might be predictable as a function of its body weight.

This is the first report of caffeine degradation by Leifsonia sp.

Regular monitoring can be useful to control toxic effects of caffeine.

In conclusion, these data indicate a dose dependent arrhythmogenecity of caffeine.

Caffeine thus has limited dependence potential.

The deceased had ingested caffeine in tablet or powder form and it does not seem likely that toxic concentrations of caffeine can be achieved from over-consumption of caffeinated beverages alone.

Low dose caffeine increased stage 1 minutes only.

According to the results of this study, combined with earlier studies reporting environmental concentrations and product half-lives, caffeine should pose negligible risk for most aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate organisms.

Moderate caffeine consumption appeared beneficial in reducing risk of death.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to assess the interest of the intake of a new galenic form of caffeine called "slow-release" caffeine (SR caffeine) during a decrease of vigilance due to a limited sleep deprivation.

Findings suggest that ‘low’ daily caffeine consumption may enhance time estimation accuracy above that of ‘high’ or no daily caffeine consumption.

We find that climate-driven decreases in economic activity (GDP) may in turn decrease human energy use and thus fossil fuel CO2 emissions.

(e.g., on real GDP) show that climate change impacts are substantial, especially for developing countries and in the long run.

While positive outcomes are possible, results indicate that, for the very large majority of climate futures, the impact on total GDP will be negative.

The results provide an estimate of the regional economic impact of climate change, as well as insights into the importance of mitigation and adaptation policies.

Our results confirm that the cost of climate mitigation policy is at most a few percent of global GDP.

The results reveal a strong impact of international variables on GDP growth.

The paper also shows that a steady contraction of global GDP—i.e., “degrowth”—does not provide a viable climate stabilization framework.

This paper simulates the GDP spillover effects between China and U. S. caused by the implementation of different climate protection policies.

This suggests that very happy people do have a functioning emotion system that can react appropriately to life events.

To be happy, according to the ordinary understanding, is to have positive psychological states that are good to have.

Following analysis of this research, I argue that whether or not we are happy depends instead mostly on how are minds are doing.

This fits into other empirical research in which it is shown that experiences make people more happy than material possessions.

The results indicate that there is a slow development of sensitivity to the expression of all basic emotions except happy.

They also showed less dynamic limbic, extrastriatal, and subcortical neural activation, defined by the authors as a response to increasingly happy faces.

Results revealed that perceivers of happy behavior drew inferences spontaneously.

Dopaminergic reward-related brain regions are activated specifically in response to happy, but not sad, infant faces.

These results suggest that CNR1 variations modulate the striatal function that underlies the perception of signals of social reward, such as happy faces.

We also find that a happy mood motivates a higher degree of trust, while higher potential gains from trusting do not.